FISH patterns of ROS1, MET, and ALK with a correlation of ALK immunohistochemistry in lung cancer: a case for introducing ALK immunohistochemistry ‘Equivocal’ interpretation category in the Ventana anti?ALK (D5F3) CDx assay ? A tertiary cancer center experience

Background: Mutations in ROS1, ALK, and MET genes are targetable alterations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). They can be evaluated by different techniques, most commonly fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Methods: We explored the prevalence of ROS1, ALK, MET mutations, discuss clinicopathological associations and FISH signal patterns on 413 consecutive cases of EGFR negative lung carcinoma from March 2016 to April 2017 using FISH for ALK, ROS1, and MET along with ALK (D5F3) IHC. Results: ROS1 gene rearrangement, ALK positivity (IHC and/or FISH), and MET amplification were seen in 18/358 (5%) cases, 76/392 cases (19.4%), and 10/370 (2.7%) cases, respectively. ALK FISH and ALK IHC were positive in 51/300 (17%) and 58/330 cases (17.57%), respectively, while 8/330 (2.4%) cases were ALK IHC “equivocal” of which 3/8 (37.5%) were ALK FISH positive. Of ALK FISH and IHC co-tested cases, 43/238 (18.07%) cases were positive by both techniques, while 15/43 (34.88%) of ALK positive cases showed discordant ALK FISH and IHC results. All ROS1 rearranged and MET amplified cases were adenocarcinoma. Signet ring cell histology was associated with 78.57% likelihood of being either ALK or ROS1 positive. Genomic heterogeneity was seen in 30% of MET amplified cases. Conclusions: ALK/ROS1/MET gene alterations were found in 25.18% of NSCLC cases. An ALK IHC “equivocal” interpretation category should be incorporated into practice. Atypical patterns of ROS1 and genomic heterogeneity need to be evaluated further for any clinical relevance.

A well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor (Grade I) arising in a tailgut cyst

Tailgut cysts are rare congenital lesions presenting as retrorectal space masses. They can occur in all age groups. Patients often present with ill-defined nonspecific symptoms and the diagnosis if often delayed. Malignancy arising in a tailgut cyst is an even rarer and unique occurrence. A precise diagnosis can be made only after complete excision and histopathological examination of the retrorectal space mass. We describe here a case of a 63-year-old male presenting with chronic constipation, who was diagnosed with a well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor (Grade I) arising in a tailgut cyst after surgical excision.